Denotation & connotation / studium and punctum
Denotative - the literal meaning and significance of any element in the image.---------
S1 - Aside from denotative, there is a 2nd meaning in a photograph which is connatative. These are the elements of the scene that create meaning in the photograph - every detail being significant. Such as the the gestures, expressions which are a series of visual languages/codes, in reflection to an underlying process of signification within a particular culture/society.
S2 - famous image of Migrant Mother - by Dorothea Lange. One of a series of images she made of that group.
As a viewer, the connotations of this image brings across the sorrow, tiredness and worry of the mother. The mothers stare sends across messages of worry and discomfort.Their clothing and ruggedness sends across messages that they are of a poor background. The child avoiding the camera, can connote an element of shyness and unawareness of the photographers presence, probably due to sadness and discomfort.
As a viewer, the connotations of this image brings across the sorrow, tiredness and worry of the mother. The mothers stare sends across messages of worry and discomfort.Their clothing and ruggedness sends across messages that they are of a poor background. The child avoiding the camera, can connote an element of shyness and unawareness of the photographers presence, probably due to sadness and discomfort.
S3 -This photo could bring up connotative elements of freedom, youth and fun. Could bring the viewer memories of their own experience skateboarding.
Ethics in photography
Shot in the dark - documentary on netflix based on night crawler
Photographic ethics - moral principles that people work with.
Media is a powerful tool for manipulating and influencing people - photographs have been manipulated from the beginning
is it right to photo manipulate? Should manipulated photos be published?
Current discussions - manipulating the females body on magazine covers
alteredimagesbdc.org
Representation in photography
William Klein - New York street photographer. Capturing strong facial expressions
The other
= difference
ideas/concepts different from the majority or 'ordinary'
binary form of representation -
Nan Goldin
work featured transgender people at a time where they were not accepted in society even more than now. 
Sarah Maple
challenges notions of identity
breaking down/making a point of stereotypes
The Gaze
National geographic magazine - 7 kinds of gaze that can be found
Laura Mulvey - focuses on patriarchal society.
position of spectator belongs to the male
John Bergher - Ways of seeing
contemporary gender ideologies
how women appear before others
ep 1 - seeing comes before words. seeing establishes our place in the surrounding world.
Relation between what we see and what we know can never be settled. People have different ways of seeing, as it's affected by what we know etc.
all images (paintings/photos) are manmade and depict a way of seeing.
ep 2 & 3 -
female and male gaze.
depiction of women as subjects of male idealisation
Male Gaze
term created by Laura Mulvey
3 perspectives:
- person behind camera
- characters within the representation
- spectator
Female Gaze
feminist film theoretical term - the gaze of a female viewer
used to refer to the perspective of a female filmmaker - would be different from a male gaze
3 viewpoints:
- individual filming
- characters within
- the spectator
The New Aesthetic
Term by James Bridle
used to refer to the increasing appearance of the visual language of digital technology and the Internet in the physical world, and the blending of virtual and physical.
Post Photography
digital - new ways of seeing
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